3. David Joshua Gabel, "The Evolution of a Market: The Emergence of Regulation in the Telephone Industry of Wisconsin" (Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1987).
4. See, for example, Federal Communications Commission, Proposed Report: Telephone Investigation (pursuant to Public Resolution No. 8, 74th Congress) (Washington, D.C., 1938) and Richard Gabel, "The Early Competitive Era in Telephone Communications, 1883-1920," Law and Contemporary Problems (Spring 1969).
5. Claude S. Fischer, America Calling: A Social History of the Telephone to 1940 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1992).
6. Warren J. Stehman, The Financial History of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1925).
7. Roy Alden Atwood, "Telephony and Its Cultural Meanings in Southeastern Iowa" (Iowa City: University of Iowa, 1984).
8. C.W. Meyers, "How We Built a Home-Owned Farmers Telephone Line," Telephony (November 16, 1912).
9. Fischer, op. cit.
10. Gabel, op. cit.
11. Atwood, op. cit.
12. Atwood, op. cit.
13. As used in this paper, the term franchising refers to a legal arrangement whereby one party, the franchisee, provides products or services according to the standards, procedures, and other arrangements established through a contractual agreement with a second party, the franchiser. Under the arrangement, the franchisee benefits from the bulk purchasing, product/service development, promotional, and other activities performed centrally by the franchiser. The franchiser benefits from more rapid market penetration, the additional motivation instilled by the franchisee's stake in the franchise, and revenues produced by product/service sales and franchise fees (if any).
14. In principle, however, the concept could be applied to a situation where the entrepreneurs also would construct and operate central office-based switching facilities. Technical considerations and options for implementing the broad concept are contained in Dale N. Hatfield, "An Analysis of Certain Proposals for Reorganizing and Restructuring the Telecommunications Sector in Emerging Market Economies" (unpublished, available from the author, 1991).
